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Provides several types and functions related to exception handling, including std::exception, the base class of all exceptions thrown by the Standard Library. <initializer_list> Added in C++11. Provides initializer list support. <limits> Provides the class template std::numeric_limits, used for describing properties of fundamental numeric types ...
An interface as in C# and Java can be defined in C++ as a class containing only pure virtual functions, often known as an abstract base class or "ABC". The member functions of such an abstract base class are normally explicitly defined in the derived class, not inherited implicitly.
Whenever the base class calls another member function, it will always call its own base class functions. When we derive a class from this base class, we inherit all the member variables and member functions that were not overridden (no constructors or destructors). If the derived class calls an inherited function which then calls another member ...
The C++ examples in this section demonstrate the principle of using composition and interfaces to achieve code reuse and polymorphism. Due to the C++ language not having a dedicated keyword to declare interfaces, the following C++ example uses inheritance from a pure abstract base class.
The class A serves as a base class for the derived class B, which in turn serves as a base class for the derived class C. The class B is known as intermediate base class because it provides a link for the inheritance between A and C. The chain ABC is known as inheritance path. A derived class with multilevel inheritance is declared as follows:
Specification class, a class implementing abstract class; Stack-based memory allocation; Static method; Static typing, in contrast to dynamic typing; Strong and weak typing; Subclass (also called child class or derived class) Subclass coupling; SOLID; Substitutability, principle of; Subtype; Superclass (also called parent class or base class)
The C++ Standard Library provides base classes unary_function and binary_function to simplify the definition of adaptable unary functions and adaptable binary functions. Adaptable function objects are important, because they can be used by function object adaptors: function objects that transform or manipulate other function objects.
A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with any of the keywords class, struct or union (the first two are collectively referred to as non-union classes) that has data and functions (also called member variables and member functions) as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public.