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A pseudohallucination (from Ancient Greek: ψευδής (pseudḗs) ' false, lying ' + hallucination) is an involuntary sensory experience that is vivid enough to be perceived as a hallucination, but is recognised by the individual as subjective and lacking objective reality. [1]
Kandinsky described a state involving auditory hallucinations that were perceived to be "made by someone else," which he termed pseudohallucinations. Over time, Kandinsky found the term "pseudohallucinations" confusing and preferred terms such as "hallucinoid," "presentation," "illumination", and "illustration."
Paul Eugen Bleuler (/ ˈ b l ɔɪ l ər / BLOY-lər, [1] Swiss Standard German: [ˈɔʏɡeːn ˈblɔʏlər, ˈɔʏɡn̩-]; 30 April 1857 – 15 July 1939) [2] was a Swiss psychiatrist and humanist [3] [4] most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness.
Hallucination is defined as visual perception without external stimulation. It must be distinguished whether the individual is able to recognize that the perception is not real, also called pseudo-hallucination, or that the individual endorses it as real, also called delusion. It is only delusion that has serious psychiatric implications.
The primary immediate psychological effects of LSD are visual pseudo-hallucinations and altered thought, often referred to as "trips". These sensory alterations are considered pseudohallucinations because the subject does not perceive the patterns seen as being located in three-dimensional space outside the body. [ 43 ]
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a non-psychotic disorder in which a person experiences apparent lasting or persistent visual hallucinations or perceptual distortions after using drugs, [1] including but not limited to psychedelics, dissociatives, entactogens, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and SSRIs.
The syndrome is commonly accompanied by frequent hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, and visual illusions. [ 5 ] Individuals with oneiroid syndrome typically recognise the perceived phenomena as belonging to alternate realms or dimensions inaccessible to ordinary people, rather than to the tangible, external world. [ 5 ]
Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process. [4] Research that reviewed the relationship between organic brain lesions and the development of delusions suggested that "brain lesions which lead to subcortical dysfunction could produce delusions when elaborated by an intact cortex".