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The diagram shows a Hohmann transfer orbit to bring a spacecraft from a lower circular orbit into a higher one. It is an elliptic orbit that is tangential both to the lower circular orbit the spacecraft is to leave (cyan, labeled 1 on diagram) and the higher circular orbit that it is to reach (red, labeled 3 on diagram).
This maneuver was named after Walter Hohmann. Ballistic capture orbit: a lower-energy orbit than a Hohmann transfer orbit, a spacecraft moving at a lower orbital velocity than the target celestial body is inserted into a similar orbit, allowing the planet or moon to move toward it and gravitationally snag it into orbit around the celestial body ...
Bi-elliptic transfer, a slower method of transfer, but one that may be more efficient than a Hohmann transfer orbit; Geostationary transfer orbit or geosynchronous transfer orbit is usually also a Hohmann transfer orbit; Lunar transfer orbit is an orbit that touches Low Earth orbit and a lunar orbit
To transfer from a circular low Earth orbit with r 0 = 6700 km to a new circular orbit with r 1 = 93 800 km using a Hohmann transfer orbit requires a Δv of 2825.02 + 1308.70 = 4133.72 m/s. However, because r 1 = 14r 0 > 11.94r 0, it is possible to do better with a bi-elliptic transfer.
In orbital mechanics, the Hohmann transfer orbit is an elliptical orbit used to transfer between two circular orbits of different altitudes, in the same plane. The orbital maneuver to perform the Hohmann transfer uses two engine impulses which move a spacecraft onto and off the transfer orbit.
A bi-elliptic transfer can require less energy than the Hohmann transfer, if the ratio of orbits is 11.94 or greater, [5] but comes at the cost of increased trip time over the Hohmann transfer. Faster transfers may use any orbit that intersects both the original and destination orbits, at the cost of higher delta-v.
For Hohmann transfer orbits, the initial orbit and the final orbit are 180 degrees apart. Because the transfer orbital plane has to include the central body, such as the Sun, and the initial and final nodes, this can require two 90 degree plane changes to reach and leave the transfer plane.
Hohmann transfer orbit, 2, from an orbit (1) to a higher orbit (3) A Hohmann transfer orbit is the simplest maneuver which can be used to move a spacecraft from one altitude to another. Two burns are required: the first to send the craft into the elliptical transfer orbit, and a second to circularize the target orbit.