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The motivation for mastery learning comes from trying to reduce achievement gaps for students in average school classrooms. During the 1960s John B. Carroll and Benjamin S. Bloom pointed out that, if students are normally distributed with respect to aptitude for a subject and if they are provided uniform instruction (in terms of quality and learning time), then achievement level at completion ...
Bloom thus challenged researchers and teachers to "find methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring". [ 1 ] : 15 Bloom's graduate students Joanne Anania and Arthur J. Burke conducted studies of the effect at different grade levels and in different schools, observing students with "great differences in cognitive achievement ...
The following summary is based upon Rousse and Dreyfus, "Revisiting the Six Stages of Skill Acquisition." [3] Stage 1: Novice. Novices rely heavily on context-free rules and step-by-step instructions. Their performance tends to be slow, clumsy, and requires conscious effort. Novices struggle to adapt when situations don't align with the ...
Attainment based vs. time based progress – The instruction can either be based on the focus on the mastery of the concept or the time spent on learning the concept. Customized vs. standardized instruction – The instruction can be different for different learners or the instruction can be given in general to the entire classroom
Bloom's taxonomy serves as the backbone of many teaching philosophies, in particular, those that lean more towards skills rather than content. [8] [9] These educators view content as a vessel for teaching skills. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including application ...
Barak Victor Rosenshine (August 13, 1930 – May 22, 2017) was an educational researcher and professor of educational psychology, who developed a set of teaching principles known as "Rosenshine's Principles of Instruction." These principles provided a bridge between educational research and classroom practice and are widely used in education.
The skills mastery profile, along with adjunct information such as exemplar test items, can be used by the teacher to focus instructional efforts in areas where the student is requiring additional assistance. Assessment results can also provide feedback to the teacher on the effectiveness of instruction for promoting the learning objectives.
There is a growing body of research support for Merrill's First Principles of Instruction. In one study, researchers surveyed 140 students at 89 different higher education institutions and discovered that students were 9 times more likely to report that they had mastered learning the course objectives when First Principles of Instruction were used and when they spent ample time and effort ...