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Pope Paul VI (26 September 1897 - 6 August 1978) – promulgated many of the decisions of Vatican II. Pope John XXIII (25 November 1881 - 3 June 1963) – headed the Catholic Church and ruled Vatican City from 1958 until his death. Pope Pius XII (2 March 1876 - 9 October 1958) – reigned from 2 March 1939 until his death in 1958.
The Catholic Church considers that major divisions occurred in c. 144 with Marcionism, [2] 318 with Arianism, 451 with the Oriental Orthodox, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with ...
(This contrasts with Vatican I, where 737 attended, mostly from Europe.) [35] Attendance varied in later sessions from 2,100 to over 2,300. In addition, a varying number of periti (Latin for "experts") were available for theological consultation—a group that exercised a major influence as the council went forward.
[1] [2] The council's main purpose was to clarify Catholic doctrine in response to the rising influence of the modern philosophical trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith ( Dei Filius ), the council condemned what it considered the errors of rationalism , anarchism , communism , socialism , liberalism ...
At Vatican II, some 250 bishops were native-born Asians and Africans, whereas at Vatican I, there were none at all. General Congregations (§3, 20, 33, 38–39, 52–63). The Council Fathers met in daily sittings – known as General Congregations – to discuss the schemas and vote on them.
Some contemporary authors [2] have compiled helpful, though unofficial, reference texts with a table of precedence based on such principles. Though the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia [ 3 ] offered a brief order of precedence based on these principles, it was updated and replaced by the New Catholic Encyclopedia in 1967, which was further updated ...
Vatican officials seemed OK with the shocking premise of the film, Straughan adds, as well as its portrayal of a conclave's political machinations. "We didn't want to be toothless in our approach ...
Quoting the Second Vatican Council's document Lumen gentium, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "The Pope, Bishop of Rome and Peter's successor, 'is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful. ' " [24]