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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
A hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato = liver) is a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver.. It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, or far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Drugs and other substances that have been associated with significant hepatotoxicity (liver damage). ...
Tolcapone has demonstrated significant liver toxicity (hepatotoxicity) [13] that limits the drug's utility. Entacapone is an alternative, largely since it has a more favorable toxicity profile. The hepatotoxicity can be related to elevated levels of transaminases , but studies have shown that minimal risk exists for those without preexisting ...
The CIOMS/RUCAM scale has been proposed to establish causal relationship between offending drug and liver damage. The CIOMS/RUCAM scale involves a scoring system which categorizes the suspicion into "definite or highly probable" (score > 8), "probable" (score 6-8), "possible" (score 3-5), "unlikely" (score 1-2) and "excluded" (score ≤ 0).
Nevirapine may cause severe or life-threatening liver toxicity, usually emerging in the first six weeks of treatment. [ 25 ] [ 27 ] In 2000, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a black box warning on nevirapine, warning that it could cause life-threatening liver toxicity and skin reactions. [ 4 ]
Rarely, nefazodone can cause serious liver damage, with an incidence of death or liver transplantation of about 1 in every 250,000 to 300,000 patient years. [9] Nefazodone is a phenylpiperazine compound and is related to trazodone .
The symptoms can often be divided into differing toxidromes. This can help one determine what class of drug or toxin is causing the difficulties. Symptoms of opioid overdoses include slow breathing, heart rate and pulse. [6] Opioid overdoses can also cause pinpoint pupils, and blue lips and nails due to low levels of oxygen in the blood.