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In linear algebra, the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues as roots. It has the determinant and the trace of the matrix among its coefficients.
That is, the first row is constructed of the polynomial coefficients in order, and the second row is the first row in reverse order and conjugated. The third row of the table is calculated by subtracting a n a 0 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {a_{n}}{a_{0}}}} times the second row from the first row, and the fourth row is the third row with the first n ...
Let f(z) be a polynomial (with complex coefficients) of degree n with no roots on the imaginary axis (i.e. the line z = ic where i is the imaginary unit and c is a real number).Let us define real polynomials P 0 (y) and P 1 (y) by f(iy) = P 0 (y) + iP 1 (y), respectively the real and imaginary parts of f on the imaginary line.
The roots of the characteristic polynomial () are the eigenvalues of ().If there are n distinct eigenvalues , …,, then () is diagonalizable as () =, where D is the diagonal matrix and V is the Vandermonde matrix corresponding to the λ 's: = [], = [].
Stable polynomials arise in control theory and in mathematical theory of differential and difference equations. A linear, time-invariant system (see LTI system theory) is said to be BIBO stable if every bounded input produces bounded output. A linear system is BIBO stable if its characteristic polynomial is stable.
[3] [4] The characteristic equation can only be formed when the differential or difference equation is linear and homogeneous, and has constant coefficients. [1] Such a differential equation, with y as the dependent variable , superscript ( n ) denoting n th - derivative , and a n , a n − 1 , ..., a 1 , a 0 as constants,
Characteristic equation may refer to: Characteristic equation (calculus), used to solve linear differential equations; Characteristic equation, the equation obtained by equating to zero the characteristic polynomial of a matrix or of a linear mapping; Method of characteristics, a technique for solving partial differential equations
The rational canonical form is determined by the elementary divisors of A; these can be immediately read off from a matrix in Jordan form, but they can also be determined directly for any matrix by computing the Smith normal form, over the ring of polynomials, of the matrix (with polynomial entries) XI n − A (the same one whose determinant ...