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LIFE, short for Laser Inertial Fusion Energy, was a fusion energy effort run at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory between 2008 and 2013. LIFE aimed to develop the technologies necessary to convert the laser-driven inertial confinement fusion concept being developed in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) into a practical commercial power ...
10-beam NIR and frequency-tripled 351 nm UV laser; fusion yield of 10 13 neutrons; attempted ignition, but failed due to fluid instability of targets; led to construction of NIF: 1.3 PW: 120 kJ: 30 J: Livermore: LLNL: ISKRA-5: Operational-1989: 12-beam iodine gas laser, fusion yield 10 10 to 10 11 neutrons [93] 100 TW: 30 kJ: 0.3 J: Sarov: RFNC ...
Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a surrounding plasma envelope. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blowoff of the hot surface material. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and ignites at 100,000,000 ˚C.
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
A NIF fusion shot on September 27, 2013, produced more energy than was absorbed by the deuterium–tritium fuel. [120] This has been confused with having reached "scientific breakeven", [121] [122] defined as the fusion energy exceeding the laser input energy. [123] Using this definition gives 14.4 kJ out and 1.8 MJ in, a ratio of 0.008. [120]
The ISKRA-4 laser is a spatially filtered (image relayed) 8 beam photolytically pumped iodine gas laser capable of producing laser pulse energies of around 2 kJ (pulsewidth of about 1 ns) at its fundamental emission wavelength of 1.315 micrometers, though it is also capable of operating in a frequency doubled configuration where it emits light at 658 nm with a pulse energy of around 500 J ...
Livermore started its laser fusion program in 1962-63 [11] and began to greatly expand its inertial fusion program in the early 1970s as the first high-power lasers became available. In 1975, Nuckolls was promoted to become the Associate Leader of the Laser Fusion Program, as well as the Divisional Leader of the "X-group" that designed the fuel ...
Laser fusion was suggested in 1962 by scientists at LLNL. Initially, lasers had little power. Laser fusion (inertial confinement fusion) research began as early as 1965. At the 1964 World's Fair, the public was given its first fusion demonstration. [32] The device was a Theta-pinch from General Electric.