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The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect, [1] is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1.5–2.0% more attractive in a group than when seen alone. [2] The first paper to report this effect was written by Drew Walker and Edward Vul, in 2013. [3]
Cheerleader effect, the tendency for people to appear more attractive in a group than in isolation. [ 128 ] Halo effect , the tendency for a person's positive or negative traits to "spill over" from one personality area to another in others' perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype ).
The physical attractiveness stereotype was first formally observed in a study done by Karen Dion, Ellen Berscheid, and Elaine Walster in 1972. [1] The goal of this study was to determine whether physical attractiveness affected how individuals were perceived, specifically whether they were perceived to have more socially desirable personality traits and quality of life.
Skin color contrast has been identified as a feminine beauty standard observed across multiple cultures. [7] Women tend to have darker eyes and lips than men, especially relative to the rest of their facial features, and this attribute has been associated with female attractiveness and femininity, [7] yet it also decreases male attractiveness according to one study. [8]
In another study testing first impressions in 56 female and 17 male participants at University of British Columbia, personality traits of physically attractive people were identified more positively and more accurately than those who were less physically attractive. It was explained that people pay closer attention to those they find physically ...
[1] [3] More symmetrical faces are perceived as more attractive in both males and females, although facial symmetry plays a larger role in judgments of attractiveness concerning female faces. [17] Studies have shown that nearly symmetrical faces are considered highly attractive as compared to asymmetrical ones. [9]
The more physically attractive a man is, the higher his fitness, and the "better" his genes will be. Women are attracted to masculine traits greater in sexual dimorphism (e.g. strong jawline, a more muscular body, a taller height). Indeed, men who are more masculine tend to have a higher number of sexual partners. [3]
Because masculine beauty standards are subjective, they change significantly based on location. A professor of anthropology at the University of Edinburgh, Alexander Edmonds, states that in Western Europe and other colonial societies (Australia, and North and South America), the legacies of slavery and colonialism have resulted in images of beautiful men being "very white."