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Plant disease triangle. Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. [10] A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease. [11]
For example, by utilizing acetic acid, the yeast can raise the pH of pickles sufficiently to allow the growth of less acid-tolerant bacteria. [5] Besides, as with other yeasts, the concentration of fermentable sugar in a product affects the rate of spoilage by Z. bailii , e.g. the yeast grows faster in the presence of 10% (w/w) than 1% (w/w ...
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
When the smut invades the host plant it causes hypertrophy – the host's cells increase in size and number. (The fungus also destroys the flowering structures of the plant, so it does not make seed, but the plants can still be propagated asexually by rhizome.) In an environment such as a rice paddy, new sprouts of wild rice are easily infected ...
Almost all Ustilaginales species share a dimorphic life cycle that includes an asexual, saprophitic yeast-like stage and a filamentous sexual stage that is required to parasitize a host. [6] The parasitic phase involves karyogamy , the process of fusing two haploid nuclei (present in haploid teliospore cells), followed by meiosis . [ 6 ]
The plant disease triangle represents the factors necessary for disease to occur. Plant disease forecasting is a management system used to predict the occurrence or change in severity of plant diseases. At the field scale, these systems are used by growers to make economic decisions about disease treatments for control.
Zygomycosis is the broadest term to refer to infections caused by bread mold fungi of the zygomycota phylum. However, because zygomycota has been identified as polyphyletic, and is not included in modern fungal classification systems, the diseases that zygomycosis can refer to are better called by their specific names: mucormycosis [1] (after Mucorales), phycomycosis [2] (after Phycomycetes ...
Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous and generalistic black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species (e.g. apple, grape, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease. [1]