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Anxious-resistant insecure attachment is also called ambivalent attachment. [11] In general, a child with an anxious-resistant attachment style will typically explore little (in the Strange Situation) and is often wary of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. When the caregiver departs, the child is often highly distressed.
A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment pattern will avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. Infants classified as anxious-avoidant (A) represented a puzzle in the early 1980s.
Anxious-ambivalent attachment is a form of insecure attachment and is also misnamed as "resistant attachment". [ 53 ] [ 55 ] In general, a child with an anxious-ambivalent pattern of attachment will typically explore little (in the Strange Situation) and is often wary of strangers, even when the parent is present.
In addition to these findings supporting the global distributions of attachment classifications in Sapporo, Behrens et al. also discuss the Japanese concept of amae and its relevance to questions concerning whether the insecure-resistant (C) style of interaction may be engendered in Japanese infants as a result of the cultural practice of amae.
Clarification of terminology: The DMM avoids older attachment terms such as secure vs insecure, attachment categories and measures, attachment disorders, disorganized attachment, internal working models, and top level terms such as avoidant and ambivalent. It uses terms such as pathways of development instead of developmental trajectories.
The internal working model functions largely outside of conscious awareness. Those subconscious aspects might be especially important for the function of self-protection and serve as a defence mechanism in the face of contradicting models, where one of them operates within the subconscious to prevent a threat to the self.
A dismissive-avoidant attachment style is demonstrated by those possessing a positive view of self and a negative view of others. [22] Adults with a dismissive style of avoidant attachment tend to agree with these statements: [23] I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient.
Causal relationships between insecure attachment and mental illness may be complex. [7] [8] [15] Some risk factors for insecure attachment such as loss of parental figure, and sexual or physical abuse, are also risk factors for mental health disorders. [8] Self-report measures of attachment may be biased by mental health conditions.