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The lysosome's hydrolases degrade the autophagosome-delivered contents and its inner membrane. [3] The formation of autophagosomes is regulated by genes that are well-conserved from yeast to higher eukaryotes. The nomenclature of these genes has differed from paper to paper, but it has been simplified in recent years.
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (hereafter referred to as LC3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1LC3B gene. [5] LC3 is a central protein in the autophagy pathway where it functions in autophagy substrate selection and autophagosome biogenesis. LC3 is the most widely used marker of autophagosomes. [6]
ATG may be part of the protein name (such as ATG7) or part of the gene name (such as ATG7), [53] although all ATG proteins and genes do not follow this pattern (such as ULK1). [ 52 ] To give specific examples, the UKL1 enzyme (kinase complex) induces autophagosome biogenesis, and ATG13 ( Autophagy-related protein 13 ) is required for phagosome ...
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATG5 gene located on chromosome 6.It is an E3 ubi autophagic cell death.ATG5 is a key protein involved in the extension of the phagophoric membrane in autophagic vesicles.
All individual genes are placed on the outermost circle according to their position in the genome, their transcription direction and their length; they are color-coded based on the cellular function or component they are part of. Represented with arrows, the transcription directions for the inner and outer genes are listed clockwise and ...
Almost all functional transcripts are derived from known genes. The only exceptions are a small number of transcripts that might play a direct role in regulating gene expression near the prompters of known genes. (See Enhancer RNA.) Gene occupy most of prokaryotic genomes so most of their genomes are transcribed.
AuTophaGy related 1 (Atg1) is a 101.7kDa serine/threonine kinase in S.cerevisiae, encoded by the gene ATG1. [1] It is essential for the initial building of the autophagosome and Cvt vesicles. In a non-kinase role it is - through complex formation with Atg13 and Atg17 - directly controlled by the TOR kinase , a sensor for nutrient availability.
[39] [40] [41] CMA is upregulated in many different types of human cancer cells and blockage of CMA in these cells reduces their proliferative, tumorigenic and metastatic capabilities. In fact, interference of the expression of LAMP-2A in already-formed experimental tumors in mice resulted in their regression.