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A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube connected to the bladder that allows urination. The narrowing reduces the flow of urine and makes it more difficult or even painful to empty the bladder. [1] Urethral stricture is caused by injury, instrumentation, infection, and certain non-infectious forms of urethritis. The ...
[1] [2] Patients observe these symptoms and seek medical advice from healthcare professionals. Because most people are not diagnostically trained or knowledgeable, they typically describe their symptoms in layman's terms, rather than using specific medical terminology. This list is not exhaustive.
Strictures are the second most common cause of chronic obstructive sialadenitis, after salivary stones. [1] In line with this, strictures may give rise to the "meal time syndrome", [ 1 ] where there is pain and swelling of the involved salivary gland upon salivary stimulation with the sight, smell and taste of food.
Urethral sounds are designed to be inserted into the male or female urethra, for the purpose of stretching or unblocking a stricture. There are a number of different types of urethral sounds: Bakes sounds, also known as rosebud or bullet sounds, have a long thin metal rod with a bulbous bud on the end.
It is also sometimes called a stricture (as in urethral stricture). [ 3 ] Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction of smooth muscle (e.g. achalasia , prinzmetal angina ); stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space of lumen (e.g. atherosclerosis ). [ 4 ]
In order to open the stricture, a surgeon can insert a bougie – a weighted tube used to dilate the constricted areas in the esophagus. [3] It can sometimes be treated with other medications. For example, an H2 antagonist (e.g. ranitidine) or a proton-pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) can treat underlying acid reflux disease.
Babinski–Nageotte syndrome; Baboon syndrome; Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome; Baller–Gerold syndrome; Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome; Bangstad syndrome; Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
Laryngotracheal stenosis is an umbrella term for a wide and heterogeneous group of very rare conditions. The population incidence of adult post-intubation laryngotracheal stenosis which is the commonest benign sub-type of this condition is approximately 1 in 200,000 adults per year. [10] The main causes of adult laryngotracheal stenosis are: