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  2. Quadratic form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form

    Quadratic forms occupy a central place in various branches of mathematics, including number theory, linear algebra, group theory (orthogonal groups), differential geometry (the Riemannian metric, the second fundamental form), differential topology (intersection forms of manifolds, especially four-manifolds), Lie theory (the Killing form), and ...

  3. Quadratic-linear algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic-linear_algebra

    In mathematics, a quadratic-linear algebra is an algebra over a field with a presentation such that all relations are sums of monomials of degrees 1 or 2 in the generators. They were introduced by Polishchuk and Positselski ( 2005 , p.101).

  4. Orthogonal group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group

    The preceding orthogonal groups are the special case where, on some basis, the bilinear form is the dot product, or, equivalently, the quadratic form is the sum of the square of the coordinates. All orthogonal groups are algebraic groups , since the condition of preserving a form can be expressed as an equality of matrices.

  5. Matrix representation of conic sections - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_representation_of...

    An alternative approach that uses the matrix form of the quadratic equation is based on the fact that when the center is the origin of the coordinate system, there are no linear terms in the equation. Any translation to a coordinate origin (x 0, y 0), using x* = x – x 0, y* = y − y 0 gives rise to

  6. Degenerate bilinear form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_bilinear_form

    The study of real, quadratic algebras shows the distinction between types of quadratic forms. The product zz* is a quadratic form for each of the complex numbers, split-complex numbers, and dual numbers. For z = x + ε y, the dual number form is x 2 which is a degenerate quadratic form. The split-complex case is an isotropic form, and the ...

  7. Polarization identity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_identity

    In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space. If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely in terms of the norm.

  8. Principal axis theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_axis_theorem

    In geometry and linear algebra, a principal axis is a certain line in a Euclidean space associated with a ellipsoid or hyperboloid, generalizing the major and minor axes of an ellipse or hyperbola. The principal axis theorem states that the principal axes are perpendicular , and gives a constructive procedure for finding them.

  9. Sylvester's law of inertia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester's_law_of_inertia

    If is the coefficient matrix of some quadratic form of ⁠ ⁠, then is the matrix for the same form after the change of basis defined by ⁠ ⁠. A symmetric matrix A {\displaystyle A} can always be transformed in this way into a diagonal matrix D {\displaystyle D} which has only entries ⁠ 0 {\displaystyle 0} ⁠ , ⁠ + 1 {\displaystyle +1 ...

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