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2. List of sapphires by size - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size

   Sapphires are a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide (α-Al 2 O 3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper, or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors.

3. Diamond simulant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_simulant

   The first crystalline artificial diamond simulants were synthetic white sapphire (Al 2 O 3, pure corundum) and spinel (MgO·Al 2 O 3, pure magnesium aluminium oxide). Both have been synthesized in large quantities since the first decade of the 20th century via the Verneuil or flame-fusion process, although spinel was not in wide use until the ...

4. Corundum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum

   Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. [3] [4] It is a rock-forming mineral.It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. [7]

5. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Even the same named gemstone can occur in many different colors: sapphires show different shades of blue and pink and "fancy sapphires" exhibit a whole range of other colors from yellow to orange-pink, the latter called "padparadscha sapphire". [39] This difference in color is based on the atomic structure of the stone.

6. Sapphire - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

   Synthetic sapphire—also referred to as sapphire glass—is commonly used for small windows, because it is both highly transparent to wavelengths of light between 150 nm and 5500 nm (the visible spectrum extends about 380 nm to 750 nm [57]), and extraordinarily scratch-resistant. [58] [59] The key benefits of sapphire windows are:

7. List of rubies by size - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rubies_by_size

   A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires.Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond. [1]