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  2. Instrumental and value rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    (1) instrumentally rational (zweckrational), that is, determined by expectations as to the behavior of objects in the environment and of other human beings; these expectations are used as "conditions" or "means" for the attainment of the actor's own rationally pursued and calculated ends; (2) value-rational (wertrational), that is, determined ...

  3. Instrumental and value-rational action - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    "Instrumental" and "value-rational action" are terms scholars use to identify two kinds of behavior that humans can engage in. Scholars call using means that "work" as tools, instrumental action, and pursuing ends that are "right" as legitimate ends, value-rational action.

  4. Rational root theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_root_theorem

    The theorem is used to find all rational roots of a polynomial, if any. It gives a finite number of possible fractions which can be checked to see if they are roots. If a rational root x = r is found, a linear polynomial ( x – r ) can be factored out of the polynomial using polynomial long division , resulting in a polynomial of lower degree ...

  5. Logic and rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_and_rationality

    As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", [1] while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge.

  6. Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann–Morgenstern...

    In decision theory, the von Neumann–Morgenstern (VNM) utility theorem demonstrates that rational choice under uncertainty involves making decisions that take the form of maximizing the expected value of some cardinal utility function. This function is known as the von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function.

  7. Rational choice model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice_model

    The rational choice model, also called rational choice theory refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour. [1] The theory originated in the eighteenth century and can be traced back to the political economist and philosopher Adam Smith . [ 2 ]

  8. Decision theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory

    The mythological judgement of Paris required selecting from three incomparable alternatives (the goddesses shown).. Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses the tools of expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty.

  9. Unintended consequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequences

    Instrumental and value-rational action – Philosophical terms; Knightian uncertainty – Lack of quantifiable knowledge in economics; Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object; Moral hazard – Increases in the exposure to risk when insured, or when another bears the cost