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The Internet checksum, [1] [2] also called the IPv4 header checksum is a checksum used in version 4 of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) to detect corruption in the header of IPv4 packets. It is carried in the IP packet header , and represents the 16-bit result of summation of the header words.
The ISP spam detection software, such as SpamAssassin, of co-operating ISPs, submits checksums of all emails to the centralised service such as DCC. If the count of a submitted fuzzy checksum exceeds a certain threshold, the database notes that this probably indicates spam.
Various anti-spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email).. No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) as opposed to not rejecting all spam email (false negatives) – and the associated costs in time, effort, and cost of wrongfully obstructing good mail.
In most applications of protocol spoofing, a communications device such as a modem or router simulates ("spoofs") the remote endpoint of a connection to a locally attached host, while using a more appropriate protocol to communicate with a compatible remote device that performs the equivalent spoof at the other end of the communications link.
In addition to using DPI to secure their internal networks, Internet service providers also apply it on the public networks provided to customers. Common uses of DPI by ISPs are lawful intercept, policy definition and enforcement, targeted advertising, quality of service, offering tiered services, and copyright enforcement.
UDP is a simple message-oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768.Although UDP provides integrity verification (via checksum) of the header and payload, [4] it provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent.
Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol in a Multilink and Connectionless Environment ITU-T Q.2111 (1999) 0x81 129 IPLT 0x82 130 SPS Secure Packet Shield: 0x83 131 PIPE Private IP Encapsulation within IP Expired I-D draft-petri-mobileip-pipe-00.txt: 0x84 132 SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol: RFC 4960: 0x85 133 FC Fibre Channel ...
It is defined in RFC 1990. It can be used, for example, to connect a home computer to an Internet Service Provider using two traditional 56k modems, or to connect a company through two leased lines. On a single PPP line frames cannot arrive out of order, but this is possible when the frames are divided among multiple PPP connections.