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Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, others [4] Causes: Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) [5] [6] Risk factors: Smoking, weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, many sexual partners or a partner with many sexual partners [2] [4] [7] Diagnostic method: Cervical screening followed by a biopsy [2] Prevention
The World Health Organization classification system was descriptive of the lesions, naming them mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIS). [ 66 ] [ 67 ] The term cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was developed to place emphasis on the spectrum of abnormality in these lesions, and to help standardize treatment. [ 67 ]
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL or HGSIL) indicates moderate or severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma in situ. It is usually diagnosed following a Pap test. In some cases these lesions can lead to invasive cervical cancer, if not followed appropriately. [citation needed] HSIL does not mean that cancer is present.
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Stage 0: carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells growing in their normal place ("in situ" from Latin for "in its place"). Stage 0 can also mean no remaining cancer after preoperative treatment in some cancers (e.g. colorectal cancer). Stage I: cancers are localized to one part of the body. Stage I cancer can be surgically removed if small enough.
The term carcinoma in situ may be used interchangeably with high-grade SIL. [8] Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast is the most common precancer in women. Bowen's disease is a squamous carcinoma in situ of the skin. Colon polyps often contain areas of CIS that will almost always transform into colon cancer if left untreated.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is best defined separately:Neuroendocrine: Of, relating to, or involving the interaction between the nervous system and the hormones of the endocrine glands. Carcinoma: An invasive malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body.