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The Abney level was invented by Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney (24 July 1843 – 3 December 1920) who was an English astronomer and chemist best known for his pioneering of color photography and color vision. Abney invented this instrument under the employment of the School of Military Engineering in Chatham, England, prior to late 1870. It is ...
Abney invented the "Abney level", a combined clinometer and spirit level, used by surveyors to measure slopes and angles. He was responsible for the "Abney mounting" of a concave grating spectrograph in which the photographic plate was fixed and the entry slit moved to accommodate different regions of the spectrum.
An inclinometer or clinometer is an instrument used for measuring angles of slope, elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity's direction. It is also known as a tilt indicator , tilt sensor , tilt meter , slope alert , slope gauge , gradient meter , gradiometer , level gauge , level meter , declinometer , and pitch & roll ...
Mechanical boxed Marine Chronometer used on Queen Victoria's royal yacht, made about 1865 Omega 4.19 MHz (4 194 304 = 2 22 high frequency quartz resonator) Ships Marine Chronometer giving an autonomous accuracy of less than ± 5 seconds per year, French Navy issued,1980
As William Ainsworth Inc., production of the Pocket Transit continued; the same basic design remains in production today, in numerous versions and configurations.. In 1970, the company introduced the Brunton Cadet, a simplified evolution of the Pocket Transit incorporating a compass and clinometer, intended for use in training students in the fields of geology, forestry, mining, and surveying. [9]
In navigation the instrument is also called a cross-staff and was used to determine angles, for instance the angle between the horizon and Polaris or the sun to determine a vessel's latitude, or the angle between the top and bottom of an object to determine the distance to said object if its height is known, or the height of the object if its distance is known, or the horizontal angle between ...
The Fell All-Way precision level, one of the first successful American made bull's eye levels for machine tool use, was invented by William B. Fell of Rockford, Illinois in 1939. [2] The device was unique in that it could be placed on a machine bed and show tilt on the x-y axes simultaneously, eliminating the need to rotate the level 90 degrees.
A direct-readout theodolite, manufactured in the Soviet Union in 1958 and used for topographic surveying. A theodolite (/ θ i ˈ ɒ d ə ˌ l aɪ t /) [1] is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.