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In cats, the sleep cycle lasts about 30 minutes, though it is about 12 minutes in rats and up to 120 minutes in elephants (In this regard, the ontogeny of the sleep cycle appears proportionate with metabolic processes, which vary in proportion with organism size. However, shorter sleep cycles detected in some elephants complicate this theory).
The bunker experiment was a scientific experiment that began in 1966 to test whether humans, like other species, have an intrinsic circadian clock. [1] It was started by Jürgen Aschoff and Rütger Wever of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology and later taken over by Jürgen Zulley.
The basic rest–activity cycle (BRAC) is a physiological arousal mechanism in humans proposed by Nathaniel Kleitman, [1] hypothesized to occur during both sleep and wakefulness. Empirically, it is an ultradian rhythm of approximately 90 minutes (80–120 minutes [ 2 ] ) characterized by different levels of excitement and rest.
The circadian rhythm provides a person with a signal for when to sleep and when to wake up. [43] If circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle are misaligned, this might lead to negative affect and emotional instability. [44] It has been found that emotions vary depending on the circadian rhythm and the duration of how long one was awake. [45]
Sleep deprivation was also found to increase beliefs of being correct, especially if they were wrong. Another study reported that the performance on free recall of a list of nouns is significantly worse when sleep deprived (an average of 2.8 ± 2 words) compared to having a normal night of sleep (4.7 ± 4 words).
The cognitive shuffle is based on Beaudoin’s somnolent information processing theory. [5] [13] The somnolent information processing theory postulates the existence of a sleep onset control system that evolved to ensure that falling asleep tends to happen when it is evolutionarily opportune (safe, timely) to fall asleep. [14]
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Sleep inertia is a physiological state of impaired cognitive and sensory-motor performance that is present immediately after awakening. It persists during the transition of sleep to wakefulness, where an individual will experience feelings of drowsiness, disorientation and a decline in motor dexterity.