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A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. [2] LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. [1]
If your skin is looking a bit pale (which can occur in people of any skin tone), there’s usually a reason. It could be anything from a vitamin B12 deficiency to a symptom of anemia.The same is ...
The presence of bright red blood in stool, known as hematochezia, typically indicates lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Digested blood from the upper gastrointestinal tract may appear black rather than red, resulting in "coffee ground" vomit or melena. [2] Other signs and symptoms include feeling tired, dizziness, and pale skin color. [18]
Blood in stool looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is. The term can refer either to melena, with a black appearance, typically originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; or to hematochezia, with a red color, typically originating from lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [6]
Waxy casts are broad casts, which is a more general term to describe the wider cast product of a dilated duct, and are seen in chronic kidney failure. In nephrotic syndrome , many additional types of casts exist, including broad and waxy casts if the condition is chronic (this is referred to as a telescopic urine with the presence of many casts).
Steatorrhea should be suspected when the stools are bulky, floating and foul-smelling. [1] Specific tests are needed to confirm that these properties are in fact due to excessive levels of fat. Fats in feces can be measured over a defined time (often five days). [ 14 ]
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The presence of urobilinogen and its increased levels indicate that there are more than normal amounts of bilirubin in the intestine, showing that jaundice observed is not due to the blockage of bile flow, and is of pre-hepatic or hepatic causes. [32] Normal colour of the patient's urine indicates the absence of unconjugated bilirubin. [27]