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Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis, [1] (ROV or ROA) applies option valuation techniques to capital budgeting decisions. [2] A real option itself, is the right—but not the obligation—to undertake certain business initiatives, such as deferring, abandoning, expanding, staging, or contracting a capital investment project. [3]
The return on assets (ROA) shows the percentage of how profitable a company's assets are in generating revenue.. ROA can be computed as below: = [1] The phrase return on average assets (ROAA) is also used, to emphasize that average assets are used in the above formula.
RoA, RoNA, RoC, and RoIC, in particular, are similar measures with variations on how 'investment' is defined. [3] ROI is a popular metric for heads of marketing because of marketing budget allocation. Return on Investment helps identify marketing mix activities that should continue to be funded and which should be cut.
In the denominator we have net assets or capital employed instead of total assets (which is the case of Return on Assets). Capital Employed has many definitions. In general it is the capital investment necessary for a business to function.
The ROMI concept first came to prominence in the 1990s. The phrase "return on marketing investment" became more widespread in the next decade following the publication of two books Return on Marketing Investment by Guy Powell (2002) [2] and Marketing ROI by James Lenskold (2003). [3]
ROIC = NOPAT / Average Invested Capital There are three main components of this measurement: [2] While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from) net income.
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The return on net assets (RONA) is a measure of financial performance of a company which takes the use of assets into account. [1] [2] Higher RONA means that the company is using its assets and working capital efficiently and effectively. [3]