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  2. Indian commerce with early English colonists and the early ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_commerce_with_early...

    During this era, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed, leading to the genocide of many eastern Indian tribes. [25] The final treaty with Native Americans which was known as The End of Treating Making 1871 [ 26 ] marked the end of government recognition of Indian tribes and introduced the creation of Indian reservations that continue to the ...

  3. Deerskin trade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerskin_trade

    The deerskin trade also led to the enslavement of some Native Americans. After the Europeans bought deerskin, they had to haul it to the coast, initially using pack horses, but this was expensive, so some English settlers encouraged Chickasaw to raid and enslave neighboring tribes to lower their costs. [4]

  4. History of Native Americans in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Native...

    The tribes trained and used horses to ride and to carry packs or pull travois. The people fully incorporated the use of horses into their societies and expanded their territories. They used horses to carry goods for exchange with neighboring tribes, to hunt game, especially bison, and to conduct wars and horse raids.

  5. Native American trade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Trade

    What Can Tribes Do? Strategies and Institutions in American Indian Economic Development; Dolin, Eric J. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. Gamble, L. H., & King, C. D. (2011). Beads and Ornaments from San Diego: Evidence for Exchange Networks in Southern California and the American Southwest.

  6. Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_among_Native...

    [5] [6] Other slave-owning tribes of North America were, for example, Comanche [7] of Texas, Creek of Georgia, the fishing societies, such as the Yurok, that lived along the coast from what is now Alaska to California; the Pawnee, and Klamath. [8] Some tribes held people as captive slaves late in the 19th century.

  7. Horses in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States

    Horses running at a ranch in Texas. Horses have been an important component of American life and culture since before the founding of the nation. In 2023, there were an estimated 6.65 million horses in the United States, [1] with 1.5 million horse owners, 25 million citizens that participate in horse related activities, 12 million citizens that spectate at horse events, and 4.6 million ...

  8. European enslavement of Indigenous Americans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_enslavement_of...

    This trade in slaves was new: prior to the arrival of Europeans, tribes in eastern North America did not view slaves as commodities that could be bought and sold freely. [ 12 ] [ 4 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Anthropologist David Graeber argued that debt and the threat of violence made this sort of transformation of human beings into commodities possible.

  9. Clark massacre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Massacre

    In August, 1851, a band of Shoshoni Indians led by Cho Cho Co (also called Has No Horse) reportedly attacked a wagon train led by Thomas Clark on the Oregon Trail near where the Raft River joins the Snake River in present-day Idaho. Afterward, reports held that the natives' primary objective was to steal horses from Thomas Clark's wagon train ...