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Penal labour is a term for various kinds of forced labour [1] that prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour. The work may be light or hard, depending on the context. [ 2 ] Forms of sentence involving penal labour have included involuntary servitude , penal servitude , and imprisonment with hard labour .
Prison labor is legal under the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. [1] Prison labor in the U.S. generates significant economic output. [2] Incarcerated workers provide services valued at $9 billion annually and produce over $2 billion in goods.
Paid prison labour is the participation of convicted prisoners in either voluntary or mandatory paid work programs. While in prison, inmates are expected to work in areas such as industry, institutional maintenance , service tasks and agriculture. [ 1 ]
All forms of forced labour are prohibited, but Parliament may by law provide for compulsory service for national purposes. Work incidental to the serving of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by a court of law shall not be taken to be forced labour within the meaning of this Article.
According to section 45(1) of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, [15] prisoners are excluded from the national minimum wage. According to §2.7.2 of Prison Service Order 4460 prisoners are released on temporary facility licence to undertake work for outside employers, they will not qualify for the national minimum wage. [16]
Proposition 6 asks California voters to amend the state Constitution to ban involuntary servitude, which would end forced labor in state prisons.
A prison farm (also known as a penal farm) is a large correctional facility where penal labor convicts work — legally or illegally — on a farm (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining.
Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. [1] However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include: [2]