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Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first sentence of the Shahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship. [17] The second sentence of the Shahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings. [22]
The status of women's testimony in Islam is disputed. Muslim societies' attitudes range from completely rejecting female testimony in certain legal areas, to conditionally accepting (half-worth that of a male, or with a requirement for supporting male testimony), to completely accepting it without any gender bias. [1]
In Islamic law, testimony is defined as attestation of knowledge with regard to a right of a second party against a third. It exists alongside other forms of evidence, such as the oath, confession, and circumstantial evidence. [ 242 ]
We can also rationally accept a claim on the basis of another person's testimony unless at least one of the following is found to be true: The claim is implausible; The person or the source in which the claim is quoted lacks credibility; The claim goes beyond what the person could know from his or her own experience and competence. [19]
The first is the Qur'an, considered by Muslims to be the verbatim word of God (Arabic: الله Allah); the second consists of the prophetic as given in historically verifiable reports, which consist of the sayings and actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad; the third is absolute consensus of the Muslim community.
The second pledge at al-ʿAqabah (Arabic: بيعة العقبة الثانية, romanized: bayʾa al-ʿaqaba al-thaniya) was an important event in Islam where 70 residents of the city of Medina pledged their loyalty to Muhammad as their leader in an oath of allegiance known as a bay'ah. [1]
Gender roles in Islam are based on scriptures, cultural traditions, and jurisprudence. The Quran , the holy book of Islam, indicates that both men and women are spiritually equal. The Quran states:
A qadi (Arabic: قاضي, romanized: qāḍī; otherwise transliterated as qazi, kadi, kadhi, kazi, or gazi) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and audition of public works.