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The main drawback of modern HDE for prostate cancer is a high incidence of gynecomastia of about 40 to 77%, although it is generally only mildly or modestly discomforting. [54] In addition, prophylactic irradiation of the breasts can be used to prevent it and has minimal side effects, mostly consisting of temporary skin discoloration. [54]
Men and women exhibit different symptoms for hypergonadism. A few of the symptoms that men can experience are increased sex drive, early balding, excessive muscle mass, and acne. Women can have symptoms such as, increased growth of facial hair, deepened voice, coarse body hair, and an irregular menstrual cycle. [5]
Signs of hyperestrogenism may include heightened levels of one or more of the estrogen sex hormones (usually estradiol and/or estrone), lowered levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and/or luteinizing hormone (due to suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis by estrogen), and lowered levels of androgens such as testosterone (generally only relevant to males). [1]
Testosterone replacement therapies have been shown to improve blood glucose management. [13] [14] Still, "it is prudent not to start testosterone therapy in men with diabetes solely for the purpose of improving metabolic control if they show no signs and symptoms of hypogonadism." [15]
Aromatase excess syndrome (AES or AEXS) is a rarely diagnosed genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an overexpression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the estrogen sex hormones from the androgens, in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating estrogens and, accordingly, symptoms of hyperestrogenism.
Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling, and breast enlargement in men. [9] Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes. [9] Women and children who are exposed may develop masculinization. [9] It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer should not use the medication. [9]
Side effects of testosterone cypionate include virilization among others. [4] Diminished sperm production is a common side-effect of testosterone replacement therapy because of the decreased intra-testicular concentration of testosterone and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. [20]
Side effects of testosterone undecanoate include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, hypertension, elevated liver enzymes, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased sexual desire. [11] The drug is a prodrug of testosterone, the biological ligand of the androgen receptor (AR) and hence is an androgen and ...