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In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry , alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups.
In chemistry, hydroxylation refers to the installation of a hydroxyl group (−OH) into an organic compound. Hydroxylations generate alcohols and phenols, which are very common functional groups. Hydroxylation confers some degree of water-solubility. Hydroxylation of a hydrocarbon is an oxidation, thus a step in degradation.
In o-hydroxy compounds, when the hydroxyl group is protonated, an intramolecular hydrogen bond can form between the hydroxyl hydrogen and the carbonyl oxygen, stabilizing a resonance structure with positive charge on the carbonyl carbon, thus increasing the carbonyl carbon's electrophilicity (7).
When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number between the alkane name and the -ol: propan-1-ol for CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH, propan-2-ol for CH 3 CH(OH)CH 3. If a higher priority group is present (such as an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid), then the prefix hydroxy-is used, [19] e.g., as in 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH ...
The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pK a is usually between 10 and 12). Deprotonation of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion , and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides ( aryloxides according ...
The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO • is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group –OH of atoms is the hydroxy group. Both the hydroxide ion and hydroxy group are nucleophiles and can act as catalysts in organic chemistry.
Alpha- and beta-hydroxy ketones. In organic chemistry, a hydroxy ketone (often referred to simply as a ketol) is a functional group consisting of a ketone (>C=O) flanked by a hydroxyl group (−OH). Chemicals in this group can be classified by the position of the hydroxyl relative to the ketone.
A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (−OH groups). [1] An aliphatic diol may also be called a glycol. [2] This pairing of functional groups is pervasive, and many subcategories have been identified. They are used as protecting groups of carbonyl groups, making them essential in synthesis of organic chemistry. [3]