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  2. Cell-free system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_system

    [3] [16] Cell-free biosystems have several advantages suitable in industrial applications: [6] Very high product yields are usually accomplished without the formation of by-products or the synthesis of cell mass. For example, with a synthetic enzyme pathway, from the reaction with starch and water; C 6 H 10 O 5 (l) + 7 H 2 O (l) → 12 H 2 (g ...

  3. Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirenberg_and_Matthaei...

    In analogous experiments with other synthetic RNAs, they found that poly-C directed synthesis of polyproline. Nirenberg recounts that the labs of Severo Ochoa and James Watson had earlier done similar experiments with poly-A, but failed to detect protein synthesis because polylysine (unlike most proteins) is soluble in trichloroacetic acid.

  4. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences. [1] Protein synthesis can be divided broadly into two phases: transcription and translation. During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a protein, known as a gene, is converted into a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).

  5. Cell-free protein synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_protein_synthesis

    Cell-free protein synthesis, also known as in vitro protein synthesis or CFPS, is the production of protein using biological machinery in a cell-free system, that is, without the use of living cells. The in vitro protein synthesis environment is not constrained by a cell wall or homeostasis conditions necessary to maintain cell viability. [ 1 ]

  6. Protein metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism

    Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding. Proteins are made from amino acids. In humans, some amino acids can be synthesized using already existing intermediates. These amino ...

  7. Protein production - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_production

    Cell-free production of proteins is performed in vitro using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based systems are more widely used. [29]

  8. Anabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolism

    Photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis in plants and certain bacteria is an anabolic process that produces glucose, cellulose, starch, lipids, and proteins from CO 2. [6] It uses the energy produced from the light-driven reactions of photosynthesis, and creates the precursors to these large molecules via carbon assimilation in the photosynthetic ...

  9. Proofreading (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofreading_(Biology)

    Proofreading also occurs in mRNA translation for protein synthesis. [2] In this case, one mechanism is the release of any incorrect aminoacyl-tRNA before peptide bond formation. [3] The extent of proofreading in DNA replication determines the mutation rate, and is different in different species. [4]