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Michael Barr (2002-07-30), Introduction to Closed-Loop Control, Embedded Systems Programming, archived from the original on 2010-02-09; Jinghua Zhong, Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (Spring 2006). "PID Controller Tuning: A Short Tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-21
Ladder logic has evolved into a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. Ladder logic is used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications.
IEC 61131-3 is the third part (of 10) of the international standard IEC 61131 for programmable logic controllers.It was first published in December 1993 [1] by the IEC; the current (third) edition was published in February 2013.
A typical application is a PID controller fed by a flow meter and using a control valve as the final control element. The DCS sends the setpoint required by the process to the controller which instructs a valve to operate so that the process reaches and stays at the desired setpoint.
The Ziegler–Nichols tuning (represented by the 'Classic PID' equations in the table above) creates a "quarter wave decay". This is an acceptable result for some purposes, but not optimal for all applications. This tuning rule is meant to give PID loops best disturbance rejection. [2]
In the context of PID controller, the setpoint represents the reference or goal for the controlled process variable. It serves as the benchmark against which the actual process variable (PV) is continuously compared.
H ∞ (i.e. "H-infinity") methods are used in control theory to synthesize controllers to achieve stabilization with guaranteed performance. To use H ∞ methods, a control designer expresses the control problem as a mathematical optimization problem and then finds the controller that solves this optimization.
A Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID or PID) is a detailed diagram in the process industry which shows process equipment together with the instrumentation and control devices. It is also called as mechanical flow diagram (MFD).