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  2. English phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology

    The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...

  3. Phonological history of English consonant clusters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    The change took place in educated London speech around the end of the 16th century, and explains why there is no [ɡ] sound at the end of words like fang, sing, wrong and tongue in the standard varieties of Modern English. [28] The change in fact applies not only at the end of a word, but generally at the end of a morpheme.

  4. Phonological history of English consonants - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    Reduction of /ts/ to /s/ – a Middle English reduction that produced the modern sound of soft c . Medial cluster reduction – elision of certain stops in medial clusters, such as the /t/ in postman. Insertion (epenthesis) of stops after nasals in certain clusters, for example making prince sound like prints, and dreamt rhyme with attempt.

  5. Epenthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis

    In phonology, epenthesis (/ ɪ ˈ p ɛ n θ ə s ɪ s, ɛ-/; Greek ἐπένθεσις) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable or in the ending syllable or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word. The opposite process, where one or more sounds are removed, is referred to as elision.

  6. Phonological history of English - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    fowər where ** fewər would be expected by normal sound change. Assimilations involving adjacent numbers are especially common, e.g. *kʷetwṓr "four" >! *petwṓr by assimilation to *pénkʷe "five" (in addition, /kʷ/ > /p/ is a cross-linguistically common sound change in general). On the other extreme, the Early Modern English change of ...

  7. Great Vowel Shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift

    Diagram of the changes in English vowels during the Great Vowel Shift. The Great Vowel Shift was a series of pronunciation changes in the vowels of the English language that took place primarily between the 1400s and 1600s [1] (the transition period from Middle English to Early Modern English), beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English.

  8. International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]

  9. Old English phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology

    The sounds [f v] were both written as f , the sounds [s z] were both written as s , and the sounds [θ ð] were both written as either ð or þ (even though there were two letters, they were not used in Old English to distinguish between the voiceless and voiced versions of this sound: therefore, the Old English letter ð is not always ...