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  2. Treatment and control groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_control_groups

    A clinical control group can be a placebo arm or it can involve an old method used to address a clinical outcome when testing a new idea. For example in a study released by the British Medical Journal, in 1995 studying the effects of strict blood pressure control versus more relaxed blood pressure control in diabetic patients, the clinical control group was the diabetic patients that did not ...

  3. Random assignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_assignment

    Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g., a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization, such as by a chance procedure (e.g., flipping a coin) or a random number generator. [1]

  4. Between-group design experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between-group_design...

    The main disadvantage with between-group designs is that they can be complex and often require a large number of participants to generate any useful and reliable data. For example, researchers testing the effectiveness of a treatment for severe depression might need two groups of twenty patients for a control and a test group. If they wanted to ...

  5. Clinical trial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial

    The statistical power estimates the ability of a trial to detect a difference of a particular size (or larger) between the treatment and control groups. For example, a trial of a lipid-lowering drug versus placebo with 100 patients in each group might have a power of 0.90 to detect a difference between placebo and trial groups receiving dosage ...

  6. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    The independent variable of a study often has many levels or different groups. In a true experiment, researchers can have an experimental group, which is where their intervention testing the hypothesis is implemented, and a control group, which has all the same element as the experimental group, without the interventional element.

  7. Matching (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_(statistics)

    For example, matching the control group by gestation length and/or the number of multiple births when estimating perinatal mortality and birthweight after in vitro fertilization (IVF) is overmatching, since IVF itself increases the risk of premature birth and multiple birth.

  8. Placebo-controlled study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo-controlled_study

    A study whose control is a previously tested treatment, rather than no treatment, is called a positive-control study, because its control is of the positive type. Government regulatory agencies approve new drugs only after tests establish not only that patients respond to them, but also that their effect is greater than that of a placebo (by ...

  9. Sham surgery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_surgery

    They found that patients in the treatment group did no better than those in the control group. The fact that all three groups improved equally points to the placebo effect in surgical interventions. In a 2016 study it was found that arthroscopic partial meniscectomy does not offer any benefit over sham surgery in relieving symptoms of knee ...