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The gender binary has been critiqued by scholars of intersectionality, who say that it is a structure that maintains patriarchal and white supremacist norms as part of an interlocking hierarchical system of gender and race. [9] [10] [11]
Jewish law, or halacha, recognizes intersex and non-conforming gender identities in addition to male and female. [5] [6] Rabbinical literature recognizes six different genders, defined according to the development and presentation of primary and secondary sex characteristics at birth and later in life. [7]
Two-spirit (also known as two spirit or occasionally twospirited) [a] is a contemporary pan-Indian umbrella term used by some Indigenous North Americans to describe Native people who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) social role in their communities.
Gender binary is the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite, and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine. Gender binary is one general type of a gender system. Sometimes in this binary model, "sex", "gender" and "sexuality" are assumed by default to align. [2]
[21] Some non-binary identities are inclusive, because two or more genders are referenced, such as androgyne/androgynous, intergender, bigender, trigender, polygender, and pangender. [26]: 101 Some non-binary identities are exclusive, because no gender is referenced, such as agender, genderless, neutrois, and xenogender. [26]: 101–102
[22] [23] [24] Transgender is also an umbrella term because, it includes trans men and trans women who may be binary or non-binary, and also includes genderqueer people (whose identities are not exclusively masculine or feminine, but may, for example, be bigender, pangender, genderfluid, etc.).
There is a reference to gender variant people being accepted in Kalapuya culture. A Kalapuya spiritual person named Ci'mxin is recalled by John B. Hudson in his interviews from the Kalapuya Texts: They would say "He is a man (in body), he has changed to a woman (in dress and manner of life). But he is not a woman (in body).
Modern versions of swardspeak are generally called "beki language", "gay lingo", or "gayspeak". They commonly make their way into mainstream Filipino culture. One early example is the song "Bongga Ka, 'Day" (1979), the biggest hit song of the Filipino Manila Sound band Hotdog.