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They also identified three critical characteristics of effective leaders – task-oriented behavior, relationship-oriented behavior and participative leadership. [2] The studies concluded that an employee orientation rather than a production orientation, coupled with general instead of close supervision, led to better results.
The evaluation of how effective a team is, is achieved with the aid of a variety of components derived from research and theories that help in creating a description of the multifaceted nature of team effectiveness. According to Hackman (1987), [11] team effectiveness can be defined in terms of three criteria:
Due to the network structure relying on many different individuals or teams working together independently, effective supervision is needed to avoid shirking or free riding. Similarly, some individuals and teams coordinate poorly, resulting in communication breakdowns and misunderstanding, which only hinders the progression of tasks.
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in an effective and efficient way. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Teamwork is seen within the framework of a team , which is a group of interdependent individuals who work together towards a common goal .
A supervisor, or lead, (also known as foreman, boss, overseer, facilitator, monitor, area coordinator, line-manager or sometimes gaffer) is the job title of a lower-level management position and role that is primarily based on authority over workers or a workplace. [1]
This managerial style is more effective when used in a workforce that is not essentially motivated to perform. According to McGregor, there are two opposing approaches to implementing Theory X: the hard approach and the soft approach. [7] The hard approach depends on close supervision, intimidation, and immediate punishment. [8]
The staff do not need supervision and are highly skilled which allows management to take the hand’s off approach and leave the problem solving, and decision making to the staff. [1] Variations of this style include the delegative style and what is referred to as bossless environments or self-managed teams.
Examples of authoritarian leadership include a police officer directing traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do their assignment, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation. All of these positions require a distinct set of characteristics that give the leader the position to get things in order or to get a point across.