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Cultural congruence; Attitude factor; Intended length of residence. Psychological distance is the extent to which individual learners are at ease with their target-language learning task. [7] Schumann identified three factors that influence psychological distance: [8] Motivation; Attitude; Culture shock
The sociocultural perspective is a theory used in fields such as psychology and education and is used to describe awareness of circumstances surrounding individuals and how their behaviors are affected specifically by their surrounding, social and cultural factors. According to Catherine A. Sanderson (2010) “Sociocultural perspective: A ...
A pioneer study examining these cultural differences in visual perception was conducted by Kitayama et al. (2003). [16] The findings of that study provide behavioural evidence on how cultural factors affect visual perception and attention deployment. For the study, Americans and Japanese were taken as subjects. The visual stimulus shown to the ...
Two definitions of the field include: "the scientific study of human behavior and its transmission, taking into account the ways in which behaviors are shaped and influenced by social and cultural forces" [8] and "the empirical study of members of various cultural groups who have had different experiences that lead to predictable and significant differences in behavior". [9]
And, social or community factors in socialization may be studied in the context of the transmission of cultural factors by studying the social uniformity (or lack thereof) in the transmitted culture. Cultural systems are used (and inform society) both through idea systems and the structuring of social systems. To quote Archer in this regard:
All six factors are correlated, and among these strict interdependence rules. Each factor has to be treated with regard to the others. The model deals with planning (of a meeting or a group lesson) as a system of correlated decisions: Each element refers to each other and so decisions in one field have consequences in all other fields.
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Informal learning is characterized "by a low degree of planning and organizing in terms of the learning context, learning support, learning time, and learning objectives". [2] It differs from formal learning , non-formal learning , and self-regulated learning , because it has no set objective in terms of learning outcomes, but an intent to act ...