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In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise the concentration of CO 2 within the chloroplast in order to increase the carboxylation rate of the enzyme RuBisCO. This is the reaction that integrates CO 2 into organic carbon sugars during photosynthesis , and can use only the CO 2 form of carbon, not carbonic acid or bicarbonate.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid.
Carbon dioxide, a by-product of cellular respiration, is dissolved in the blood, where it is taken up by red blood cells and converted to carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase. Most of the carbonic acid then dissociates to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of ...
Carbonic anhydrase needs a family of carbon base enzymes for the hydration of carbon dioxide and acid–base homeostasis, that regulates PH levels in life. [32] [33] In plant life, liquid water is needed for photosynthesis, the biological process plants use to convert light energy and carbon dioxide into chemical energy. [34]
A full length CcmM protein consists of a gamma-carbonic anhydrase domain and three to five RubisCO small subunit-like domains (SSLDs) on its C-terminus. [49] The ccmM gene contains an internal translation site that produces a short form of CcmM which only consists of SSLDs; both long and short forms of CcmM are required for beta-carboxysome ...
3 ions are made from CO 2 outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein. They cannot cross the membrane as they are charged, and within the cytosol they turn back into CO 2 very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase.
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that suppress the activity of carbonic anhydrase. Their clinical use has been established as anti- glaucoma agents, diuretics , antiepileptics , in the management of mountain sickness , gastric and duodenal ulcers , idiopathic intracranial hypertension , neurological disorders , or ...