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1899–1902: United States. United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands; 1899–1902: [a] Philippine Republic. Negros Republic; Zamboanga Republic; Limited foreign support: Empire of Japan [1] German Empire [2] [3] 1902–1913: United States. Insular Government of the Philippine Islands; 1902–1913: Tagalog Republic (until 1906)
The Political Constitution of 1899 (Spanish: Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno .
A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare | BG J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines 1901-1902 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center. ISBN 978-0-16-079503-9. Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). "Benevolent Assimilation": The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. Yale University Press.
Philippine Insurgency often refers to the Philippine–American War (1899–1902), sometimes known as the Philippine War of Independence, an armed military conflict between the Philippines and the United States. It may also refer to various revolts, rebellions, revolutions, and guerrilla actions fought in the Philippine Islands, including:
The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), [1] was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired by the United States from Spain.
Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), The Philippine War, 1899–1902, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0-7006-1225-3; Medina, Isagani R.; Medina, Mirana R. (2002), "The First Shot That Triggered the Filipino-American War on the 4th of February 1899 Did Not Happen At San Juan Bridge", Espionage in the Philippines, 1896–1902, and other essays ...
The constitution written by the Malolos Congress was proclaimed on January 22, 1899, creating what is known today as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as its president. [27] [22] The constitution was approved by delegates to the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899, and sanctioned by Aguinaldo the next day. [27]
[13] [failed verification] [dead link ] On July 2, 1902, U.S. Secretary of War Elihu Root telegraphed that the Filipino insurrection had come to an end, and provincial civil governments had been established everywhere except those areas inhabited by Moro tribes. [14] Pockets of resistance continued for several years.