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Controversy exists over whether women's under-representation in specific academic fields is the result of gender discrimination or of other factors such as personal inclination. [4] [5] Some individuals have argued that there are equal opportunities for women and men in sciences and that sexism no longer exists in these fields.
For example, they highlight research that suggests male students "gender" good academic performance. [ 12 ] While studies have demonstrated the disparities between male and female students in STEM , a study by the American Association of University Women shows the unequal distribution of male students in subjects like English and the Arts. [ 13 ]
A study published in the Journal of Gay & Lesbian Services found that 23.9% of trans students surveyed, or 439 students out of 1836, were denied access to gender-appropriate bathrooms or housing at school due to being transgender or gender non-conforming. [5] An article from the book Violence and Gender, states that this experienced violence ...
Sex discrimination in education also results in women being more passive, quiet, and less assertive, due to the effects of the hidden curriculum. [1] Classroom interactions can also have unseen consequences. Because gender is something we learn, day-to-day interactions shape our understandings of how to do gender. [53]
Traditional gender norms. Traditional gender norms are another barrier female physicians face in the medical field. According to research, having children is a career stopper for female physicians. [20] It is reported that approximately 30% of female physicians have faced discrimination for either being pregnant or needing to breastfeed/pump. [34]
Pakistan prohibits discrimination against intersex people (khusra) since 2018. [23] India also prohibits discrimination against "person with intersex variations" since 2020. Since 2022, Chile is the first Latin American country that provide legal protection from discrimination based on sex characteristics. [24]
Participants at the NWSA Conference 2016. Women's studies is an academic field that draws on feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining social and cultural constructs of gender; systems of privilege and oppression; and the relationships between power and gender as they intersect with other identities and social ...
The gender-equality paradox is the finding that various gender differences in personality and occupational choice are larger in more gender equal countries. Larger differences are found in Big Five personality traits , Dark Triad traits , self-esteem, depression, personal values, occupational and educational choices.