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The first version of the LEA test was developed in 1976 by Finnish pediatric ophthalmologist Lea Hyvärinen, MD, PhD. Dr. Hyvärinen completed her thesis on fluorescein angiography and helped start the first clinical laboratory in that area while serving as a fellow at the Wilmer Eye Institute of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1967.
An example of the Landolt C eye chart (also known as the Japanese eye chart.). Numerous types of eye charts exist and are used in various situations. For example, the Snellen chart is designed for use at 6 meters or 20 feet, and is thus appropriate for testing distance vision, while the ETDRS chart is designed for use at 4 meters. [16]
The original Martin scale, summarized below, consists of 16 colors (from light blue to dark brown-black) that correspond to the different eye colors observed in nature due to the amount of melanin in the iris. The numbering is reversed in order to match the Martin–Schultz scale, which is still used in biological anthropology. In this case ...
Near visual acuity or near vision is a measure of how clearly a person can see nearby small objects or letters.Visual acuity in general usually refers clarity of distance vision, and is measured using eye charts like Snellen chart, LogMAR chart etc. Near vision is usually measured and recorded using a printed hand-held card containing different sized paragraphs, words, letters or symbols.
Sloan letters, designed by Louise Sloan in 1959, are a set of optotypes used to test visual acuity generally used in Snellen charts and logMAR charts. This set of optotypes consists of ten specially formed "letters", C, D, H, K, N, O, R, S, V and Z. [ 1 ] These letters, unlike the ones used in older Snellen charts, are designed to give acuity ...
Myopia in students is a serious concern, especially with online learning, an IndyStar reader writes in a letter to the editor. Kids are becoming nearsighted by screens. Annual school eye exams can ...
Martin-Schultz scale. The Martin–Schultz scale is a standard color scale commonly used in physical anthropology to establish more or less precisely the eye color of an individual; it was created by the anthropologists Rudolf Martin and Bruno K Schultz in the first half of the 20th century.
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