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  2. Ancien régime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_régime

    The ancien régime (/ ˌ ɒ̃ s j æ̃ r eɪ ˈ ʒ iː m /; French: [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim] ⓘ; lit. ' old rule ' ) was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned [ 1 ] through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility [ 2 ] and in 1792 through its execution of the king ...

  3. Athenian coup of 411 BC - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC

    The poems of Theognis of Megara (from the sixth century BC) and the Theban poet Pindar (of the fifth century BC) were popular among the Athenian nobles at this time, casting democracy as an immoral and unfair situation where the good (i.e., those of noble birth) were artificially forced into equality with the base (i.e., those of common birth ...

  4. Athenian Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Revolution

    The Athenian Revolution (508–507 BCE) was a revolt by the people of Athens that overthrew the ruling aristocratic oligarchy, establishing the almost century-long self-governance of Athens in the form of a participatory democracy – open to all free male citizens.

  5. Estates of the realm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm

    [citation needed] Under the ancien régime ("old rule/old government", i.e. before the revolution), the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax), and most important, the taille (France's oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from ...

  6. 1270s - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1270s

    This incident, known as Hosshaku Kenpon or "casting off the transient and revealing the true," is regarded as a turning point of Nichiren's teachings within the various schools, known as Nichiren Buddhism. [25] December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Great Yuan" (大元; dà yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty in China.

  7. Louis Mandrin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Mandrin

    Mandrin's struggle against the injustice of the Ancien Régime was discussed across Europe and the cause taken up by Voltaire (who compared him with the king of Prussia) [3] [4] and Turgot. Mandrin's status as a rebel folk hero was cemented. A popular ballad arose, the Complainte de Mandrin, that was sung throughout France and is still known today.

  8. Pays d'états - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_d'états

    In red, the pays d'états in 1789. Under the Ancien Régime, a pays d'états (French pronunciation: [pei deta], lit. ' Land of states ') was a type of généralité, or fiscal and financial region where, in contrast to the pays d'election, an estates provincial or representative assembly of the three orders had retained its traditional role of negotiating the raising of taxes with the royal ...

  9. Ostracism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracism

    Ostracism (Greek: ὀστρακισμός, ostrakismos) was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years.