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  2. Alkalinity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity

    Total alkalinity is not (much) affected by temperature, pressure, or pH, and is thus itself a conservative measurement, which increases its usefulness in aquatic systems. All anions except HCO − 3 and CO 2− 3 have low concentrations in Earth's surface water (streams, rivers, and lakes). Thus carbonate alkalinity, which is equal to [HCO − ...

  3. Swimming pool sanitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation

    Total alkalinity should be 80–120 ppm and calcium hardness between 200 and 400 ppm. [14] [failed verification] Good hygienic behavior at swimming pools is also important for reducing health risk factors at swimming pools and spas. Showering before swimming can reduce introduction of contaminants to the pool, and showering again after swimming ...

  4. Dissolved inorganic carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_inorganic_carbon

    Samples can be combined with stable isotope ratios 13 C/ 12 C, alkalinity measurements, and estimation of physical processes, to create diagnostic techniques. [16] Researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography developed a tool that uses flow injection analysis to measures microfluidic samples of seawater and continuously monitor dissolved ...

  5. Salt water chlorination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_water_chlorination

    Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs.The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dissolved forms, hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite, which are already ...

  6. Carbonate hardness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_hardness

    In a solution where only CO 2 affects the pH, carbonate hardness can be used to calculate the concentration of dissolved CO 2 in the solution with the formula CO 2 = 3 × KH × 10 (7-pH), where KH is degrees of carbonate hardness and CO 2 is given in ppm by weight. [citation needed]

  7. Biotic Ligand Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_Ligand_Model

    Per the results Pagenkopf assessed the applicability of the model and came up with several steps to using the GSIM. The required data are pH, alkalinity, hardness and total trace-metal content of a water sample. Once these parameters are obtained, the next step is to calculate the speciation of the metals in the water sample.

  8. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. TDS are often measured in parts per million (ppm). TDS in water can be measured using a digital meter. [1]

  9. Acid neutralizing capacity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_neutralizing_capacity

    Acid-neutralizing capacity or ANC in short is a measure for the overall buffering capacity against acidification of a solution, e.g. surface water or soil water.. ANC is defined as the difference between cations of strong bases and anions of strong acids (see below), or dynamically as the amount of acid needed to change the pH value from the sample's value to a chosen different value. [1]

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