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  2. Hydrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometallurgy

    Cementation is the conversion of the metal ion to the metal by a redox reaction. A typical application involves addition of scrap iron to a solution of copper ions. Iron dissolves and copper metal is deposited. Solvent Extraction; Ion exchange; Gas reduction. Treating a solution of nickel and ammonia with hydrogen affords nickel metal as its ...

  3. Extractive metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy

    Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...

  4. Pyrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometallurgy

    The most common example of roasting is the oxidation of metal sulfide ores. The metal sulfide is heated in the presence of air to a temperature that allows the oxygen in the air to react with the sulfide to form sulfur dioxide gas and solid metal oxide. The solid product from roasting is often called "calcine".

  5. Flux (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)

    Such hydrogen plasma can be used for fluxless reflow soldering. [citation needed] Active atmospheres are relatively common in furnace brazing; due to the high process temperatures the reactions are reasonably fast. The active ingredients are usually carbon monoxide (possibly in the form of combusted fuel gas) and hydrogen.

  6. Reactivity series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivity_series

    The most reactive metals, such as sodium, will react with cold water to produce hydrogen and the metal hydroxide: 2 Na (s) + 2 H 2 O (l) →2 NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) Metals in the middle of the reactivity series, such as iron , will react with acids such as sulfuric acid (but not water at normal temperatures) to give hydrogen and a metal salt ...

  7. Castner process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castner_process

    The cathode reaction is 2 Na + + 2 e − → 2Na. The anode reaction is 4 OH − → O 2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 e −. Despite the elevated temperature, some of the water produced remains dissolved in the electrolyte. [4] This water diffuses throughout the electrolyte and results in the reverse reaction taking place on the electrolyzed sodium metal:

  8. Sabatier reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_reaction

    More oxygen may be produced by running the water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) in reverse (RWGS), effectively extracting oxygen from the atmosphere by reducing carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. Another option is to make more methane than needed and pyrolyze the excess of it into carbon and hydrogen (see above section), where the hydrogen is ...

  9. FFC Cambridge process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFC_Cambridge_process

    A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, [1] [2] [3] and in 1954 U.S. patent 2845386A was awarded to Carl Marcus Olson for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a molten salt reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.