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The cause of thrombosis is commonly due to technical errors of the surgery, other causes may include stenosis, narrow vein grafts, a low cardiac output and the compression of the graft. [19] In such cases, heparin ( anticoagulant ) and thrombectomy can be used to treat graft thrombosis.
In the human body, the femoral vein is the vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath.It is a deep vein that begins at the adductor hiatus (an opening in the adductor magnus muscle) as the continuation of the popliteal vein.
Access in either the left or right femoral artery is possible and depends on the type of intervention or diagnostic. [citation needed] To image the lower limb vascular anatomy, the common femoral artery (CFA) is chosen as the site of entry. However, CFA entry can only be assessed by retrograde puncture.
SMA syndrome is also known as Wilkie's syndrome, cast syndrome, mesenteric root syndrome, chronic duodenal ileus and intermittent arterio-mesenteric occlusion. [3] It is distinct from nutcracker syndrome , which is the entrapment of the left renal vein between the AA and the SMA, although it is possible to be diagnosed with both conditions.
This leads to an occlusion of the artery and thus ischemia. Unlike embolic causes of limb ischemia, thrombosis is progressive and develops over time. In hypercoagulable states, thrombosis can occur in areas without atherosclerosis, and usually presents in patients with malignancy, increased tendency for blood to clot, or low blood flow.
The proximal part of left subclavian is blocked (shaded artery). This prevents antegrade ("forward") flow to the left arm and left vertebral. As a result, flow in the left vertebral is retrograde ("backwards") towards the left arm. Flow to the brain and circle of Willis is via antegrade right and left carotid and right vertebral arteries. Specialty
Angioplasty is used to treat venous stenosis affecting dialysis access, with drug-coated balloon angioplasty proving to have better 6 month and 12 month patency than conventional balloon angioplasty. [13] Angioplasty is occasionally used to treat residual subclavian vein stenosis following decompression surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. [14]
Congenital stenosis of vena cava is a congenital anomaly in which the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava has an aberrant interruption or coarctation. In some cases, it can be asymptomatic, [ 1 ] and in other cases it can lead to fluid accumulation and cardiopulmonary collapse.