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Urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-methanal, so named for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure, [1] is a nontransparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is produced from urea and formaldehyde. These resins are used in adhesives, plywood, particle board, medium-density fibreboard (MDF), and molded objects.
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930 Carl Bosch, 1927. The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 [1] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser [2] for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
The basic reaction of urea and formaldehyde to create a urea-formaldehyde resin, followed by the condensation [12] Urea-formaldehyde resins (UF) are a class of impregnation resins for wood modification made by reacting urea with formaldehyde. This resin can be polymerized after impregnation into the wood substrate by oven-curing.
In situ polymerization of such formaldehyde systems usually involves the emulsification of an oil-phase in water. Then, water-soluble urea/melamine formaldehyde resin monomers are added, which are allowed to disperse. The initiation step occurs when acid is added to lower the pH of the mixture.
Formaldehyde is a common precursor to more complex compounds and materials. In approximate order of decreasing consumption, products generated from formaldehyde include urea formaldehyde resin, melamine resin, phenol formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene plastics, 1,4-butanediol, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. [40]
The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of Urea-formaldehyde are lower than those of Phenol formaldehyde adhesives. But Urea-formaldehyde adhesive is judged to have a nearly 50% higher life cycle impact than Phenol formaldehyde mainly because of acid based emmissions during its production process. [15 ...
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The production of DMEU is through the condensation of formaldehyde with ethylene urea: [9] 2CH 2 O + (C 2 H 4 N 2 H 2)CO → (C 2 H 2 N 2 (CH 2 OH) 2)CO. The reaction proceeds around 200 °C (392 °F) but this temperature can be brought down to around 70 °C (158 °F) in the presence of an acid catalyst. [10]