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[10] [11] A cell that switches to the biofilm mode of growth undergoes a phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially regulated. [ 12 ] A biofilm may also be considered a hydrogel , which is a complex polymer that contains many times its dry weight in water.
EPS is found in the matrix of other microbial biofilms such as microalgal biofilms. The formation of biofilm and structure of EPS share a lot of similarities with bacterial ones. The formation of biofilm starts with reversible absorption of floating cells to the surface. Followed by production of EPS, the adsorption will get irreversible.
Biofilm is a cell aggregate that can be attached to biological or abiotic surfaces. Bacteria form biofilms to adapt to various environments such as changes in substrate availability. For example, the formation of biofilm increases a bacterial cell's resistance to antibiotics compared to cells which are not part of the aggregate. [9]
Biofilms are a way for S. pyogenes, as well as other bacterial cells, to communicate with each other. In the biofilm gene expression for multiple purposes (such as defending against the host immune system) is controlled via quorum sensing. [34] One of the biofilm forming pathways in GAS is the Rgg2/3 pathway.
While S. mutans grows in the biofilm, cells maintain a balance of metabolism that involves production and detoxification. Biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other or a surface. Bacteria in the biofilm community can actually generate various toxic compounds that interfere with the growth of other competing ...
Marine biofilm communities have rich and diverse taxa, [11] with Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria being the dominant phyla. [12] Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes are also considered to be dominant phyla but their relative abundances differ between locations. [12] Site-specific differences also arise within intertidal biofilms.
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet or biofilm of microbial colonies, composed of mainly bacteria and/or archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. [1] A few are found as endosymbionts of animals.
The biofilms of Acinetobacter species can range in adhesion strength and thickness. Acinetobacter baumannii is the species most commonly associated with infectious diseases, including cystic fibrosis and urinary tract infections , due to their ability to adhere to medical devices composed of plastic or glass.