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Children raised in areas of higher pollution were found to score lower in intelligence (i.e., on IQ tests), and showed signs of lesions in MRI scanning of the brain. In contrast, children from the low pollution area scored as expected on IQ tests and showed no significant sign of the risk of brain lesions.
Hyperammonemia, or high ammonia levels, is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. Severe hyperammonemia is a dangerous condition that may lead to brain injury and death. It may be primary or secondary. Ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen. It is a product of the catabolism of protein.
The brain has a mechanism to counteract the presence of this waste metabolite. One of the mechanisms involved in the impairment of the brain is the compromise of astrocyte potassium buffering, where astrocytes play a key role. However, as more ammonia crosses, the system gets saturated, leading to astrocyte swelling and brain edema. [10]
[2] [6] It may be supported by blood ammonia levels, an electroencephalogram, or computer tomography (CT scan) of the brain. [4] [6] Hepatic encephalopathy is possibly reversible with treatment. [1] This typically involves supportive care and addressing the triggers of the event. [4] Lactulose is frequently used to decrease ammonia levels. [1]
Glutamine synthetase can be composed of 8, 10, or 12 identical subunits separated into two face-to-face rings. [6] [8] [9] [10] Bacterial GS are dodecamers with 12 active sites between each monomer. [6] Each active site creates a ‘tunnel’ which is the site of three distinct substrate binding sites: nucleotide, ammonium ion, and amino acid.
An ADA spokesperson, Dr. Scott Tomar, said that if more robust studies prove a link between fluoride and brain development, public health leaders should take a closer look at the mineral's effects ...
The resultant effect of this toxicity can be reduced brain energy metabolism and function. Importantly, the toxic effects of ammonia on astrocyte remodeling can be reduced through administration of L-carnitine. [89] This astrocyte remodeling appears to be mediated through ammonia-induced mitochondrial permeability transition.
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