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To most psychologists, need is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a goal, giving purpose and direction to behavior. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The most widely known academic model of needs was proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs in 1943.
If x = a disadvantage, and y = action to redress that disadvantage, the principle of solidarity is: if any member of a group acquires x, each member has a duty to perform y (if they can assist). All we then need to add, to get to the fundamental principle of developed communism, is to assume that non-satisfaction of a need is a disadvantage.
Most people need stable esteem, meaning that which is soundly based on real capacity or achievement. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs. The "lower" version of esteem is the need for respect from others and may include a need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention.
McClelland's research showed that 86% of the population are dominant in one, two, or all three of these three types of motivation. His subsequent research, published in the 1977 Harvard Business Review article "Power is the Great Motivator", found that those in top management positions had a high need for power and a low need for affiliation ...
Action-based or motivational theories have traditionally been dominant. [3] They can take different forms but they all have in common that they define desires as structures that incline us toward actions. [1] [7] This is especially relevant when ascribing desires, not from a first-person perspective, but from a third-person perspective.
The need for affiliation is a desire to form social connections with others. The need for power is a longing to exert control over one's surroundings and wield influence over others. The need for achievement relates to a yearning to establish ambitious objectives and to receive positive feedback on one's performance.
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Individuals make no difference to the outcome, “much as single molecules make no difference to the properties of the gas" [citation needed] (Herbert, G). This is a weakness of rational choice theory as it shows that in situations such as voting in an election, the rational decision for the individual would be to not vote as their vote makes ...