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It thus complements the classical serotonergic-opioid peptide descending pain-inhibiting system: whereas the serotonergic-opioid peptide pathway ultimately pre-synaptically inhibits first-order nociceptive group C neurons, the DLPRF inhibits - by way of presumably GABAergic inhibitory interneurons - the second-order neurons of the ascending ...
Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) or conditioned pain modulation (CPM) refers to an endogenous pain modulatory pathway which has often been described as "pain inhibits pain". [1] It occurs when response from a painful stimulus is inhibited by another, often spatially distant, noxious stimulus.
The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), also known as the extrathalamic control modulatory system or simply the reticular activating system (RAS), is a set of connected nuclei in the brains of vertebrates that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions. The ARAS is in the midbrain reticular formation. [12]
[1] [2] PAG is also the primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain. The periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains
Most (85%) second-order axons arising from sensory C first-order fibers ascend in the spinoreticular tract - it is consequently responsible for transmitting "slow", dull, poorly-localised pain. By projecting to the reticular activating system (RAS) , the tract also mediates arousal/alertness (including wakefulness) in response to noxious ...
Descending fibers arise in the hypothalamus to project directly or indirectly onto autonomic nuclei and lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord; the descending component is involved in controlling chewing, swallowing, salivation and gastrointestinal secretory function, and shivering.
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal.
Propriospinal tracts are three tracts, collections of nerve fibers ascending, descending, crossed and uncrossed, that interconnect various levels of the spinal cord. They are located in the white columns of the spinal cord where the columns meet the spinal central gray. Shorter fibers are located closer and longer fibers further from the gray.