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Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .
For example, a covering map has a property of unique local lifting of paths to a given sheet; the uniqueness is because the fibers of a covering map are discrete spaces. The homotopy lifting property will hold in many situations, such as the projection in a vector bundle, fiber bundle or fibration, where there need be no unique way of lifting.
A topological algebra over a topological field is a topological vector space together with a bilinear multiplication ⋅ : A × A → A {\displaystyle \cdot :A\times A\to A} , ( a , b ) ↦ a ⋅ b {\displaystyle (a,b)\mapsto a\cdot b}
Let be a Grothendieck topology and a scheme.Moreover let be a group scheme over , a -torsor (or principal -bundle) over for the topology (or simply a -torsor when the topology is clear from the context) is the data of a scheme and a morphism : with a -invariant (right) action on that is locally trivial in i.e. there exists a covering {} such that the base change over is isomorphic to the ...
In mathematics, the term homology, originally introduced in algebraic topology, has three primary, closely-related usages.The most direct usage of the term is to take the homology of a chain complex, resulting in a sequence of abelian groups called homology groups.
The upper topology however is still the coarsest sober order-consistent topology. In fact, its open sets are even inaccessible by any suprema. Hence any sober space with specialization order ≤ is finer than the upper topology and coarser than the Scott topology. Yet, such a space may fail to exist, that is, there exist partial orders for ...
Steenrod algebra; Bott periodicity theorem; K-theory. Topological K-theory; Adams operation; Algebraic K-theory; Whitehead torsion; Twisted K-theory; Cobordism; Thom space; Suspension functor; Stable homotopy theory; Spectrum (homotopy theory) Morava K-theory; Hodge conjecture; Weil conjectures; Directed algebraic topology
This terminology is often used in the case of the algebraic topology on the set of discrete, faithful representations of a Kleinian group into PSL(2,C). Another topology, the geometric topology (also called the Chabauty topology ), can be put on the set of images of the representations, and its closure can include extra Kleinian groups that are ...
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