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"A threat to external validity is an explanation of how you might be wrong in making a generalization from the findings of a particular study." [5] In most cases, generalizability is limited when the effect of one factor (i.e. the independent variable) depends on other factors.
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
A thesis (pl.: theses), or dissertation [note 1] (abbreviated diss.), [2] is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. [3] In some contexts, the word thesis or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course, while dissertation ...
More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis is true; [4] and the p-value of a result, , is the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme, given that the null hypothesis is true. [5]
A systematic review is a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. [1] A systematic review extracts and interprets data from published studies on the topic (in the scientific literature), then analyzes, describes, critically appraises and summarizes interpretations into a refined evidence-based ...
Communicating the research findings and, possibly, recommendations; The steps generally represent the overall process; however, they should be viewed as an ever-changing iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps. [33] Most research begins with a general statement of the problem, or rather, the purpose for engaging in the study. [34]
This measure of effect has greater precision (less uncertainty) than the individual studies, but it may be biased by differences between the studies in study design, the type of evidence, or other key characteristics. [4] In qualitative research, methods of synthesis include narrative synthesis and meta-ethnography. Narrative synthesis allows ...
The terms empirical and observable are closely related and sometimes used as synonyms. [19] There is an active debate in contemporary philosophy of science as to what should be regarded as observable or empirical in contrast to unobservable or merely theoretical objects. There is general consensus that everyday objects like books or houses are ...