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Hornbooks consist of a lesson sheet illustrating the letters of the alphabet, mounted on a paddle of wood, bone, leather, silver, lead alloy [9] or stone and protected by a thin sheet of translucent horn, [n 1] or mica, [n 2] held in place by narrow brass strips tacked through the horn to the paddle to protect the lesson sheet. [10]
Bickham produced copybooks and business texts, as there was a strong link between writing and mathematics instruction (arithmetic and bookkeeping) in the-mid 17th century to early 18th century. In 1733 Bickham collected penmanship samples from twenty-five London writing masters, engraved and published them in The Universal Penman , issued in ...
The grille is placed on a gridded sheet and the letters are written in from top to bottom. Removing the grille, the grid is filled with random letters and numbers. Not all ciphers are used for communication with others: records and reminders may be kept in cipher for use of the author alone.
Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, English writing masters including George Bickham, George Shelley and Charles Snell helped to propagate Round Hand's popularity, so that by the mid-18th century the Round Hand style had spread across Europe and crossed the Atlantic to North America.
Court hand: alphabet (upper-cases and lower-cases) and some syllable abbreviations Court hand (also common law hand , Anglicana , cursiva antiquior , and charter hand [ 1 ] ) was a style of handwriting used in medieval English law courts, and later by professionals such as lawyers and clerks.
Ronde ('round' in French) is a kind of script in which the heavy strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together a round look. [1] It appeared in France at the end of the 16th century, growing out from a late local variant of Gothic cursive influenced by North Italian Renaissance types in Rotunda , a bookish round Gothic ...
Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (Old English: rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").
The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. Johannes Gutenberg, around 1450, invented a lead type mold, applied it to an alphabet of about 24 characters, and used known press technology to print ink on ...